Cultural Studies, fairly new in humanities, has been developed since 1980 s, specially in the U. S., as a method. STUART HALL has developed this field in his Representation: Cultural Representations and signifying practices, and Encoding /Decoding, in the center of Contemporary Cultural Studies. HALL suggests that language is the representation of culture which is quite inseparable from it. The processes of encoding and decoding take place within and by means of culture and as the culture is perpetually moving and changing, significations and meanings getting shaped, not being static either, and are changing all the time, so the meaning is not fixed and unitary and is continuously getting constructed along with the changing culture. This is a common point between HALL and Ferdinand De Saussure. We owe the theory of representation and construction of the meaning to social and cultural factors emphasized by Saussure who for the first time questioned an essential link between the signifier and the signified, and so was a pioneer in the field of signification. This paper is to show that, although the culture and representation try to fix the meaning according to the norms of the leading culture and discourse, they deconstruct themselves at the same time and give way to new readings of them. So, unlike the leading culture and discourse, one can always create and build new meanings that each can be an event to deconstruct the culture and Art and lead them to new paths.

Design is defined as the human capacity to build society, on the one hand, to satisfy needs and give meaning to life, and on the other hand, to create a product through empirical and analytical methods. In the process of creating a work, designers respond and shape the world in which they live and form themselves based on their perception of the culture of that world. Today, as the issue of the impact of culture on design is an undeniable debate. Therefore, addressing it can to some extent bridge the gap in this direction. The purpose of this article is an analytical-comparative study of cultural design from the point of view of STUART HALL and his theory of representation. In this research, we try to select some Iranian handmade packaging as a case study of the effect of culture on product design and how to identify them. Therefore, the questions of the present study are: Design, in which group of definitions of culture? What is the relationship between designer, culture, identity and environment? Could STUART HALL's theory of representation be a comparative study of culture-based design from the perspective of Christopher and Levy? What is the method and quantity of the identity of Iranian artisan packaging? The present study is an analytical-comparative method with a qualitative approach, which explores the relationships between the designer, culture, identity and the environment from a fundamental point of view. And it was done through the collection of documentary information (library texts) and context. After studying the text of the most important research and works in the field of the effects of culture on design, this research expresses the effect of each society's culture on designer and design, examining the position of design among the practical definitions of culture, comparing the views of Christopher Alexander and Raymond Levy with STUART HALL's theory of representation. Finally, selecting the target population, which is 233 packaging samples available in the Iranian market, and selecting 79 samples of the target population by stratified and probabilistic sampling with a quantitative approach to investigate the extent and identity of Iranian artisanal packaging. In this perspective, it is therefore a sort of theoretical study and analysis of the visual content, which, according to HALL's theory of representation, deals with the discovery of fundamental meanings in the message and is based on arguments deduced from the data. The result of the research indicates that, based on the definitions of culture and identity that were formulated at the beginning of the research, it can be said that the design and production of the product fall into all four categories of historical, psychological, structural definitions. and descriptive of the culture. In discussing identity, it should be borne in mind that the identity of each product reflects the identity of the designer and the audience community. Therefore, in design, by designing and creating the product, a systematic media and symbolic communication is established. HALL defines the cycle of culture as production, consumption, norms, identity and representation. Finally, a place for design in HALL's theory can be placed in the reference designer-centered approach and in the public-centered structural approach; That his design-oriented approach may be consistent with Alexandria's point of view; These two points should be considered that first, designers subconsciously incorporate culture into their design, then when designing they consciously use cultural symbols in their design to adapt the product as much as possible to the culture of the company. Product. In the public-oriented approach, which can be considered in line with Levy's vision, in designing and producing the product, the public, its culture and society should be considered in order to maintain the meaning and identity that revolve. in the cultural cycle. it should be passed on to the next generation, education should be provided and the culture of that society preserved. Designers in this field, representing the cultural symbols of society in packaging, introduced the identity of Iranian craftsmanship. However, due to the lack of sufficient attention to the field of culture-oriented design and the lack of comprehensive content in this regard, the designers were unable to consciously encode cultural phenomena into a strong structure and use various Iranian cultural symbols in the design .Whereas 57% of the packages available on the market have Iranian identity, but the identification method in 83% of these packages is limited to plant symbols (arabesque, paisley, gilding) and geometric symbols. While the Iranian culture is rich and has many symbols that can be used symbolically in packaging design.

This paper refers to the concept of lifestyle and mining indices and sub-indices of the same research and theoretical framework and a recognized thought leader and three scholar of cultural studies (Bourdieu, John Storey and STUART HALL) on the index, which includes daily life, consumption, free time, fashion and identity has been developed. The most important similarity is critical perspective on life style, life style in view of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic look at consumer and lifestyle differences among the three most important thinker and anti-Semitism in the West view the contents of a Western lifestyle vote the Supreme Leader and the lack of such a view and its acceptance by three thinkers is the conflict with qualitative content analysis results mentioned above are obtained.

Cultural Studies A modern theoretical approach to humanities has not been born in the vacuum. This approach, like any theoretical approach, essentially shaped the concept of modernization by criticizing its earlier approaches. British culturalism was the first step in the formation of cultural studies. Culturalization, by criticizing the elitist approach, shaped its new life. Following the contrast between the culturacy and the elitism of this Stewarthal, Trusency would have given this approach a redefinition of the central issues of cohesive cultural studies. Since the main concern of culturalism was to criticize elitism, so, in a positive formulation, there is a lack, and this lack of a new approach, as synthesis Which implies STUART HALL's conceptions and formations of cultural studies. STUART HALL presented a comprehensive approach to the study of different layers of culture and the relationship between culture and power, with the creation of a coherent theoretical theory as a culture of culture. By combining French approaches to paying Birmingham's culture and approach, he also made a great contribution to the development of cultural studies. For the same reasons, this article finds its way into the description of the achievement of this privileged position by Stewart HALL. This paper uses the metaphorical approach to the emergence of cultural studies from Marx's recitation of the Hegelian dialectic, the triple antithesis thesis and synthesis. This paper elitistically approaches the thesis of a culture-oriented approach and synthesizes the antithesis and approach of STUART HALL's cultural studies and examines their contradictions.

Understanding the effects of social and ideological components in animated films, especially on its intended audience, namely children and adolescents, is important. The gender stereotypes that are introduced to us as children are reinforced throughout our lives. Audiences absorb the concepts of these workss and in return relate them to their own individual lives and current values of the society. Walt Disney Company animations have always been one of the most fascinating pastimes for children and teenagers. Among the subjects of these works, the representation of female characters has been one of the main themes of Disney animation productions. The company’ s first feature-length animated film was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, released in 1937. 80 years later, Zootopia was released in 2016. The evolution of gender and personality stereotypes in these works over the past years, given the cultural context in which they are produced, is a thought-provoking process. The influence of cultural and social factors on the studio’ s heroism can clearly be seen, just as the producers of these works follow certain strategies and policies to represent the content of the films. In this article, 13 examples of the most important works of the Disney Company from the period between 1937 to 2016 have been selected as the subjects of this research. Selected animations are chosen from works in which the female protagonist is the main axis of the story. The main issue in this research is how women are represented in the content of Walt Disney Studios animation media and the evolution of this representation in the direction of its productions. The reason for choosing these works was the impact of the studio’ s intellectual and cultural developments on gender stereotypes in the context of their production. The research question is how the representation and meaning of animation media of the image of the female heroine in these works has been depicted and how this representation is influenced by discourse, ideology and values of the time in which the movie was produced and finally how the female hero evolves from the first to the last Disney animation. This study tries to analyze the desired works based on the theories and approaches of representation, in order to evaluate the representation of the female protagonist and its evolution in Walt Disney animation cinema. In this paper, explicit, implicit and ideological implications are analyzed using Roland Barthes’ three-level semiotic model. Findings indicate major changes in the process of representing female characters in these productions; the way female heroes are represented from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, the changes of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and the changes of the last decade. These developments can be considered contemporaneous and influenced by the first to third waves of the feminist movement.

In this paper, we defend the rule-based interpretation of John Stewart Mill's utilitarianism. First, we will explain briefly this recent and new dualism in the philosophy of utilitarian ethics. In general, Utilitarianists are divided into two categories: Rule-based and action-oriented. This is a recent division, but in our opinion, Mill's Utilitarian is rule-based. He uses the principle of utility through the intermediation of rules, not direct and immediate and he uses that fundamental principle only when creating rules or contradicting the rules. In order to defend this claim, we first refer to Ermeson’ s interpretation and then we will examine seven arguments of adherents and opponents of Mill's rule utilitarianism and in this review, we will amplify the words of supporters like Ermeson and criticize the words of opponents like Crisp. Then we will bring five witnesses to consolidate our claims which according to them, our interpretation of the rule-based utilitarianism of Mill is strengthened and supported.

Mill's emphasis on the denial of a priori knowledge caused him, as same as empiricists like Hume, to put a psychological account to explain many of his beliefs. In his opinion, the intellect is a whiteboard on which observation and experience draw patterns. In the next stage, the human psyche gets to work and forces a person to accept repetitive phenomena. This belief is reconfirmed over time and after repeating the monotonies in nature repeatedly,it is as if the discovery of any new law not only proves that law itself but also helps to establish other laws that have been obtained using this method. This research aims to reveal the place of induction in the logic of John STUART Mill and also show that his efforts to justify induction were not enough. For this purpose, Mill's book” The System of Logic” has been studied and the opinion of some commentators has been expressed about it. During the discussion, Mill's opinion on analogy has been tried to be expressed and finally, a general picture of John STUART Mill's logic has been presented.

The multipurpose HALL studied here is the part of design project of gorgan music HALL designed in the centeral region of gorgan and submitted in the final project of first author’ s master thesis. The aim of establishment of multipurpose HALL is creation of a space that be suitable for speech and music performance simultaneously. According to the evidences the reverberation time is most important parameter for performance design. This value was considered 1. 0(s) for speech and 2. 0(s) for music in average. Having volume and effective absorber surfaces values and using Sabine equation for RT, absorption coefficient was obtained for different parts of the HALL. Due to assumed data, the values of C50, C80, ALcons, CD, D/R ratio, both for the music and speech were presented. Some of the results given to standards were suitable and some another were rather acceptable. Finally, several solutions were presented in the analyzing part for the best result.

The feminine language in the feminist film theory has two major fields. The first one would be the theory of psychoanalysis. According to that, men and women face two different processes in shaping their identities, and get a stable and fixed identity as male or female. So, as film or other cultural products' spectators, men and women will have fixed specified experiences due to their sexualities which have been formed according to the fixed formula of psychoanalysis; for example, men are always the subjects of desire and women are its objects. It was after the cultural studies that the cultural point of view in feminist film theory showed up. In this theory, receiving the meaning of a cinematic product is affected by the culture and the negotiation among the cultural differentials, such as age, sex, history, class, economy, and lived experiences of each man and woman. So all the men and all the women won't make the same meaning just due to their sexualities. As the cultural feminism claims, the meaning is always fluid and changing. So there's no need to make a feminine language vs. the masculine language in film making, because a fixed static masculine language in cinema is totally out of question according to the cultural feminism. It would be enough to reread the cinematic products and their sexual significations over and over again. In each reading the sexual significations are deconstructed due to the cultural differentials, and get new meanings which can even be anti-masculine.

In 2008, in a field survey on mites associated with poplar trees in Razavi Khorasan province (NE.Iran), specimens of an eriophyid were collected. The specimens were sent to Dr Xia-Yue Hong for identification. As result, the eriophyid Aculus dimidiatus (HALL) is recorded from Iran for the first time. The eriophyid reported here was found vagrant on under surface of leaves of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) (Salicaceae). Samples of this mite are held in the author's collection at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran and in Dr Hong's collection at Nanjing University, China.